Across Europe, accessibility is not an abstract ideal. It is written into law. The European Accessibility Act defines requirements. National regulations transpose them. Universal Design principles are codified into standards. On paper, the legal architecture for inclusive cities is already in place.

Yet cities still fail.

Public parks, streets, and civic spaces comply with regulations while remaining unusable for many citizens. Paths break continuity. Signage exists but does not guide. Facilities meet dimensional standards but exclude through layout, maintenance, or disconnection. The presence of law does not translate into lived accessibility.

The failure is not legal. It is structural. Accessibility laws define minimum conditions but no system owns the outcome once compliance is achieved.

When Laws Exist but Usability Breaks Down

European accessibility policy is built on layered frameworks. At the supranational level, accessibility is framed as a right through the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and reinforced through the UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the commitment to inclusive and accessible public space. At the European level, the European Accessibility Act seeks harmonisation. At national level, member states transpose these commitments into building and planning regulations.

In practice, this legal stack creates a compliance pathway, not a performance system.

National regulations, such as the Roads and Buildings framework examined in the case, set technical requirements for ramps, slopes, signage, circulation widths, and safety. These requirements are largely met at the point of delivery. The space is approved. The law is satisfied.

What follows is where accessibility quietly collapses.

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Maintenance is not embedded in legal responsibility. Coordination between transport links, public amenities, and pedestrian routes is not enforced as a single system. Wayfinding requirements exist, yet perceptible information is absent or fragmented. Universal Design principles are referenced, but no authority is accountable for ensuring they continue to function once the project is opened to the public.

The law succeeds in defining access. It fails in sustaining it.

Laws Define Minimums, Cities Fail at Systems

Accessibility law is designed to prevent exclusion at the point of construction. Cities fail because exclusion rarely happens at a single point.

Universal Design principles, equitable use, intuitive navigation, low physical effort, tolerance for error, require continuity. They assume a connected environment where paths, signage, amenities, and transport links function together. Legal frameworks, however, treat these elements as discrete obligations.

This creates a critical mismatch. Laws regulate features. Accessibility depends on systems.

A ramp that meets regulation fails if it connects to a steep incline beyond acceptable thresholds. Signage that follows standards fails if it is not positioned where decisions are made. Accessible facilities fail if routes to reach them are broken or unsafe. None of these failures violate the law. All of them violate usability.

The result is a city that is legally accessible and functionally exclusionary. Compliance becomes the endpoint, rather than the starting condition.

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Turning Accessibility Law into Urban Infrastructure

Accessibility audits must extend beyond project approval. Legal frameworks should require recurring audits tied to Universal Design performance, not just dimensional compliance. This transforms accessibility from a one-time legal check into an ongoing obligation aligned with real use conditions, degradation, and change.

Step 2: Enforce Universal Design as a System, Not a Clause

Universal Design should operate as a planning logic across zones, not as isolated technical specifications. Regulations already define its principles. What is missing is enforcement of continuity; between paths, amenities, signage, and transport access, so that compliance produces coherent usability.

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Step 3: Assign Post-Delivery Responsibility in Law